Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and potentially irreversible damage if left untreated. Unlike osteoarthritis, which stems from wear and tear on joints, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround joints. This immune response leads to inflammation in the synovium, resulting in swelling and pain. Over time, the inflammation can erode cartilage and bone within the joint, causing deformity and loss of function.
RA commonly affects joints in the hands, wrists, and knees symmetrically, meaning it usually occurs in the same joints on both sides of the body. However, it can also affect other organs and systems, such as the skin, eyes, lungs, and heart, contributing to systemic complications. The symptoms of RA can vary from mild to severe and may include joint stiffness, swelling, and warmth, especially in the mornings or after periods of inactivity. Fatigue and malaise are also common due to the chronic inflammatory process.
